Abstract
Kettle (a.k.a. Pentaho Data Integration) offers the standard Row Normalizer step to "unpivot" columns to rows. However, this step requires some configuration which presumes its input stream is static, and its structure is known. In this post, I explain how to construct a simple User-defined java class step that implements a generic Row Normalizer step that can unpivot an arbitrary input stream without manual configuration.The Row Normalizer step
Kettle (a.k.a. Pentaho Data Integration) offers a standard step to "unpivot" columns to rows. This step is called the Row Normalizer. You can see it in action in the screenshot below:
In the screenshot, the input is a table of columns
id, first name, and last name. The output is a table of columns id, fieldname, and value. The id column is preserved, but for each row coming from the input stream, two rows are created in the output stream: 1 for the first name field, and 1 for the last name field. Essentially the Row Normalizer step in this example is configured to treat the
first name and last name fields as a repeating group. The repeating group is untangled by dumping all values for either field in the value column. The fieldname column is used to mark the kind of value: some values are of the "first name field" kind (in case they came from the original first name input field), some are from the "last name field" kind (when the derive from the last name input field).There are several use cases for the operation performed by the Row normalizer step. It could be used to break down a genuine repeating group in order to create a more normalized dataset. Or you might need to convert a relational dataset into a graph consisting of subject-predicate-object tuples for loading a triple store. Or maybe you want to turn a table into a fine-grained stream of changes for auditing.
The problem
The Row normalizer step works great for streams that have a structure that is known in advance. The structure needs to be known in advance in order to specify those fields that are to be considered as repeating group in the step configuration so they can be broken out into separate kinds.Sometimes, you don't know the structure of the input stream in advance, or it is just to inconvenient to manually specify it. In these cases, you'd really wish you could somehow unpivot any field that happens to be part of the input stream. In other words, you'd need to have a generic Row Normalizer step.
The Solution
In Kettle, there's always a solution, and often more. Here, I'd like to present a solution to dynamically unpivot an arbitrary input stream using a user-defined java class step.Below is a screenshot of the step configuration:
This configuration allows the step to take an arbitrary input stream and normalize it into a collection of triples consisting of:
- An
idcolumn. This column delivers generated integer values, and each distinct value uniquely identifies a single input row. - A
fieldnumcolumn. This is a generated integer value that uniquely identifies a field within each input row. - A
valuecolumn. This is a string column that contains the value that appears in the field identified by thefieldnumcolumn within the row identified by therownumvalue.
The Row Normalizer versus the UJDC generic Normalizer
For the input data set mentioned in the initial example, the output generated by this UJDC step is shown below:
There are a few differences with regard to the output of kettle's Row Normalizer step:- One obvious difference is that the Row Normalizer step has the ability to attach names to the values, whereas the UJDC step only delivers a generated field position. One the one hand, it's really nice to have field names. On the other hand, this is also one of the weaknesses of the Row Normalizer step, because providing the names most be done manually.
- Another difference is that the UDJC step delivers 3 output rows for each input row, instead of the 2 rows delivered by the Row Normalizer step. The "extra" row is due to the
idcolumn. Because theidcolumn is the key of the original input data, the Row Normalizer step was configured to only unpivot thefirst nameandlast namefields, keeping theidfield unscathed: this allows any downstream steps to see which fields belong to which row. The UDJC step however does not know which field or fields form the key of the input stream. Instead, it generates its own key, therownumfield, and theidfield is simply treated like any other field and unpivoted, just like thefirst nameandlast namefields. So the main difference is that the downstream steps need to use the generatedrownumfield to see which fields belong to which row.
The Code
The code and comments are pretty straightforward:static long rownum = 0;
static RowMetaInterface inputRowMeta;
static long numFields;
static String[] fieldNames;
public boolean processRow(StepMetaInterface smi, StepDataInterface sdi) throws KettleException
{
// get the current row
Object[] r = getRow();
// If the row object is null, we are done processing.
if (r == null) {
setOutputDone();
return false;
}
// If this is the first row, cache some metadata.
// We will reuse this metadata in processing the rest of the rows.
if (first) {
inputRowMeta = getInputRowMeta();
fieldNames = inputRowMeta.getFieldNames();
numFields = fieldNames.length;
}
// Generate a new id number for the current row.
rownum += 1;
// Generate one output row for each field in the input stream.
int fieldnum;
for (fieldnum = 0; fieldnum < numFields; fieldnum++) {
Object[] outputRow = new Object[3];
outputRow[0] = rownum;
// Assign the field id. Note that we need to cast to long to match Kettle's type system.
outputRow[1] = (long)fieldnum+1;
outputRow[2] = inputRowMeta.getString(r, fieldnum);
putRow(data.outputRowMeta, outputRow);
}
return true;
}
Getting Field information
So the UDJC step only generates a number to identify the field. For some purposes it may be useful to pull in other information about the fields, like their name, data type or data format. While we could do this also directly int the UDJC step by writing more java code, it is easier and more flexible to use some of Kettle's built-in steps:- The Get Metadata Structure step. This step takes an input stream, and generates one row for each distinct field. Each of these rows has a number of columns that describe the field from the input stream. One of the fields is a
Positionfield, which uniquely identifies each field from the input stream using a generated integer, just like thefieldnumfield from our UJDC step does. - The stream lookup step. This step allows us to combine the output stream of our UJDC step with the output of the Get Metadata structure step. By matching the
Positionfield of the Get Metadata Structure step with thefieldnumfield of the UDJC step, we can lookup any metadata fields that we happen to find useful.
Below is a screenshot that shows how all these steps work together:
And here endeth the lesson.
